Optimal. Leaf size=100 \[ -x+\frac {1}{4} \tan ^{-1}(x)-\frac {\tan ^{-1}\left (1-\sqrt {2} x\right )}{4 \sqrt {2}}+\frac {\tan ^{-1}\left (1+\sqrt {2} x\right )}{4 \sqrt {2}}+\frac {1}{4} \tanh ^{-1}(x)-\frac {\log \left (1-\sqrt {2} x+x^2\right )}{8 \sqrt {2}}+\frac {\log \left (1+\sqrt {2} x+x^2\right )}{8 \sqrt {2}} \]
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Rubi [A]
time = 0.04, antiderivative size = 100, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.00, number of steps
used = 14, number of rules used = 11, integrand size = 13, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.846, Rules used = {327, 220,
218, 212, 209, 217, 1179, 642, 1176, 631, 210} \begin {gather*} \frac {\text {ArcTan}(x)}{4}-\frac {\text {ArcTan}\left (1-\sqrt {2} x\right )}{4 \sqrt {2}}+\frac {\text {ArcTan}\left (\sqrt {2} x+1\right )}{4 \sqrt {2}}-\frac {\log \left (x^2-\sqrt {2} x+1\right )}{8 \sqrt {2}}+\frac {\log \left (x^2+\sqrt {2} x+1\right )}{8 \sqrt {2}}-x+\frac {1}{4} \tanh ^{-1}(x) \end {gather*}
Antiderivative was successfully verified.
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Rule 209
Rule 210
Rule 212
Rule 217
Rule 218
Rule 220
Rule 327
Rule 631
Rule 642
Rule 1176
Rule 1179
Rubi steps
\begin {align*} \int \frac {x^8}{1-x^8} \, dx &=-x+\int \frac {1}{1-x^8} \, dx\\ &=-x+\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {1}{1-x^4} \, dx+\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {1}{1+x^4} \, dx\\ &=-x+\frac {1}{4} \int \frac {1}{1-x^2} \, dx+\frac {1}{4} \int \frac {1}{1+x^2} \, dx+\frac {1}{4} \int \frac {1-x^2}{1+x^4} \, dx+\frac {1}{4} \int \frac {1+x^2}{1+x^4} \, dx\\ &=-x+\frac {1}{4} \tan ^{-1}(x)+\frac {1}{4} \tanh ^{-1}(x)+\frac {1}{8} \int \frac {1}{1-\sqrt {2} x+x^2} \, dx+\frac {1}{8} \int \frac {1}{1+\sqrt {2} x+x^2} \, dx-\frac {\int \frac {\sqrt {2}+2 x}{-1-\sqrt {2} x-x^2} \, dx}{8 \sqrt {2}}-\frac {\int \frac {\sqrt {2}-2 x}{-1+\sqrt {2} x-x^2} \, dx}{8 \sqrt {2}}\\ &=-x+\frac {1}{4} \tan ^{-1}(x)+\frac {1}{4} \tanh ^{-1}(x)-\frac {\log \left (1-\sqrt {2} x+x^2\right )}{8 \sqrt {2}}+\frac {\log \left (1+\sqrt {2} x+x^2\right )}{8 \sqrt {2}}+\frac {\text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{-1-x^2} \, dx,x,1-\sqrt {2} x\right )}{4 \sqrt {2}}-\frac {\text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{-1-x^2} \, dx,x,1+\sqrt {2} x\right )}{4 \sqrt {2}}\\ &=-x+\frac {1}{4} \tan ^{-1}(x)-\frac {\tan ^{-1}\left (1-\sqrt {2} x\right )}{4 \sqrt {2}}+\frac {\tan ^{-1}\left (1+\sqrt {2} x\right )}{4 \sqrt {2}}+\frac {1}{4} \tanh ^{-1}(x)-\frac {\log \left (1-\sqrt {2} x+x^2\right )}{8 \sqrt {2}}+\frac {\log \left (1+\sqrt {2} x+x^2\right )}{8 \sqrt {2}}\\ \end {align*}
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Mathematica [A]
time = 0.02, size = 101, normalized size = 1.01 \begin {gather*} \frac {1}{16} \left (-16 x+4 \tan ^{-1}(x)-2 \sqrt {2} \tan ^{-1}\left (1-\sqrt {2} x\right )+2 \sqrt {2} \tan ^{-1}\left (1+\sqrt {2} x\right )-2 \log (1-x)+2 \log (1+x)-\sqrt {2} \log \left (1-\sqrt {2} x+x^2\right )+\sqrt {2} \log \left (1+\sqrt {2} x+x^2\right )\right ) \end {gather*}
Antiderivative was successfully verified.
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Maple [A]
time = 0.21, size = 72, normalized size = 0.72
method | result | size |
risch | \(-x +\frac {\left (\munderset {\textit {\_R} =\RootOf \left (\textit {\_Z}^{4}+1\right )}{\sum }\textit {\_R} \ln \left (\textit {\_R} +x \right )\right )}{8}+\frac {\ln \left (x +1\right )}{8}-\frac {\ln \left (x -1\right )}{8}+\frac {\arctan \left (x \right )}{4}\) | \(38\) |
default | \(-x -\frac {\ln \left (x -1\right )}{8}+\frac {\ln \left (x +1\right )}{8}+\frac {\arctan \left (x \right )}{4}+\frac {\sqrt {2}\, \left (\ln \left (\frac {1+x^{2}+x \sqrt {2}}{1+x^{2}-x \sqrt {2}}\right )+2 \arctan \left (x \sqrt {2}+1\right )+2 \arctan \left (x \sqrt {2}-1\right )\right )}{16}\) | \(72\) |
meijerg | \(\frac {\left (-1\right )^{\frac {7}{8}} \left (8 x \left (-1\right )^{\frac {1}{8}}+\frac {x \left (-1\right )^{\frac {1}{8}} \left (\ln \left (1-\left (x^{8}\right )^{\frac {1}{8}}\right )-\ln \left (1+\left (x^{8}\right )^{\frac {1}{8}}\right )+\frac {\sqrt {2}\, \ln \left (1-\sqrt {2}\, \left (x^{8}\right )^{\frac {1}{8}}+\left (x^{8}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}}\right )}{2}-\sqrt {2}\, \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {2}\, \left (x^{8}\right )^{\frac {1}{8}}}{2-\sqrt {2}\, \left (x^{8}\right )^{\frac {1}{8}}}\right )-2 \arctan \left (\left (x^{8}\right )^{\frac {1}{8}}\right )-\frac {\sqrt {2}\, \ln \left (1+\sqrt {2}\, \left (x^{8}\right )^{\frac {1}{8}}+\left (x^{8}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}}\right )}{2}-\sqrt {2}\, \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {2}\, \left (x^{8}\right )^{\frac {1}{8}}}{2+\sqrt {2}\, \left (x^{8}\right )^{\frac {1}{8}}}\right )\right )}{\left (x^{8}\right )^{\frac {1}{8}}}\right )}{8}\) | \(157\) |
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Maxima [A]
time = 0.49, size = 91, normalized size = 0.91 \begin {gather*} \frac {1}{8} \, \sqrt {2} \arctan \left (\frac {1}{2} \, \sqrt {2} {\left (2 \, x + \sqrt {2}\right )}\right ) + \frac {1}{8} \, \sqrt {2} \arctan \left (\frac {1}{2} \, \sqrt {2} {\left (2 \, x - \sqrt {2}\right )}\right ) + \frac {1}{16} \, \sqrt {2} \log \left (x^{2} + \sqrt {2} x + 1\right ) - \frac {1}{16} \, \sqrt {2} \log \left (x^{2} - \sqrt {2} x + 1\right ) - x + \frac {1}{4} \, \arctan \left (x\right ) + \frac {1}{8} \, \log \left (x + 1\right ) - \frac {1}{8} \, \log \left (x - 1\right ) \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Fricas [A]
time = 0.38, size = 119, normalized size = 1.19 \begin {gather*} -\frac {1}{4} \, \sqrt {2} \arctan \left (-\sqrt {2} x + \sqrt {2} \sqrt {x^{2} + \sqrt {2} x + 1} - 1\right ) - \frac {1}{4} \, \sqrt {2} \arctan \left (-\sqrt {2} x + \sqrt {2} \sqrt {x^{2} - \sqrt {2} x + 1} + 1\right ) + \frac {1}{16} \, \sqrt {2} \log \left (4 \, x^{2} + 4 \, \sqrt {2} x + 4\right ) - \frac {1}{16} \, \sqrt {2} \log \left (4 \, x^{2} - 4 \, \sqrt {2} x + 4\right ) - x + \frac {1}{4} \, \arctan \left (x\right ) + \frac {1}{8} \, \log \left (x + 1\right ) - \frac {1}{8} \, \log \left (x - 1\right ) \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Sympy [C] Result contains complex when optimal does not.
time = 85.08, size = 46, normalized size = 0.46 \begin {gather*} - x - \frac {\log {\left (x - 1 \right )}}{8} + \frac {\log {\left (x + 1 \right )}}{8} - \frac {i \log {\left (x - i \right )}}{8} + \frac {i \log {\left (x + i \right )}}{8} - \operatorname {RootSum} {\left (4096 t^{4} + 1, \left ( t \mapsto t \log {\left (- 8 t + x \right )} \right )\right )} \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Giac [A]
time = 0.99, size = 93, normalized size = 0.93 \begin {gather*} \frac {1}{8} \, \sqrt {2} \arctan \left (\frac {1}{2} \, \sqrt {2} {\left (2 \, x + \sqrt {2}\right )}\right ) + \frac {1}{8} \, \sqrt {2} \arctan \left (\frac {1}{2} \, \sqrt {2} {\left (2 \, x - \sqrt {2}\right )}\right ) + \frac {1}{16} \, \sqrt {2} \log \left (x^{2} + \sqrt {2} x + 1\right ) - \frac {1}{16} \, \sqrt {2} \log \left (x^{2} - \sqrt {2} x + 1\right ) - x + \frac {1}{4} \, \arctan \left (x\right ) + \frac {1}{8} \, \log \left ({\left | x + 1 \right |}\right ) - \frac {1}{8} \, \log \left ({\left | x - 1 \right |}\right ) \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Mupad [B]
time = 0.07, size = 48, normalized size = 0.48 \begin {gather*} \frac {\mathrm {atan}\left (x\right )}{4}-\frac {\mathrm {atan}\left (x\,1{}\mathrm {i}\right )\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{4}-x+\sqrt {2}\,\mathrm {atan}\left (\sqrt {2}\,x\,\left (\frac {1}{2}-\frac {1}{2}{}\mathrm {i}\right )\right )\,\left (\frac {1}{8}+\frac {1}{8}{}\mathrm {i}\right )+\sqrt {2}\,\mathrm {atan}\left (\sqrt {2}\,x\,\left (\frac {1}{2}+\frac {1}{2}{}\mathrm {i}\right )\right )\,\left (\frac {1}{8}-\frac {1}{8}{}\mathrm {i}\right ) \end {gather*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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